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   <hgroup><h1><a rel=home href=index.html>HTML: The Living Standard</a></h1><p id=dev-edition-h2>Edition for Web Developers — Last Updated <span class=pubdate>10 September 2025</span></hgroup>
   

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  <nav><a href=references.html>← References</a> — <a href=index.html>Table of Contents</a></nav><ol class=toc><li><a href=acknowledgements.html#acknowledgments>Acknowledgments</a><li><a href=acknowledgements.html#ipr>Intellectual property rights</a></ol><h2 id=acknowledgments class=no-num>Acknowledgments<a href=#acknowledgments class=self-link></a></h2>
  

  <p>Thanks to Tim Berners-Lee for inventing HTML, without which none of this would exist.</p>

  <p>Thanks to

  Aankhen,
  Aaqa Ishtyaq,
  Aaron Boodman,
  Aaron Leventhal,
  Aaron Krajeski,
  Abhishek Ghaskata,
  Abhishek Gupta, 
  Adam Barth,
  Adam de Boor,
  Adam Hepton,
  Adam Klein,
  Adam Rice,
  Adam Roben,
  Addison Phillips,
  Adele Peterson,
  Adrian Bateman,
  Adrian Roselli,
  Adrian Sutton,
  Agustín Fernández,
  Aharon (Vladimir) Lanin,
  Ajai Tirumali,
  Ajay Poshak, 
  Akash Balenalli,
  Akatsuki Kitamura,
  Alan Jeffrey, 
  Alan Plum,
  Alastair Campbell,
  Alejandro G. Castro,
  Alex Bishop,
  Alex Nicolaou,
  Alex Nozdriukhin,
  Alex Rousskov,
  Alex Soncodi,
  Alexander Farkas,
  Alexander J. Vincent,
  Alexander Kalenik,
  Alexandre Dieulot,
  Alexandre Morgaut,
  Alexey Feldgendler,
  Алексей Проскуряков (Alexey Proskuryakov),
  Alexey Shvayka,
  Alexis Deveria,
  Alfred Agrell, 
  Ali Juma,
  Alice Boxhall,
  Alice Wonder,
  Allan Clements,
  Allen Wirfs-Brock,
  Alex Komoroske,
  Alex Russell,
  Alphan Chen,
  Aman Ansari, 
  Ami Fischman,
  Amos Jeffries,
  Amos Lim,
  Anders Carlsson,
  André Bargull,
  André E. Veltstra,
  Andrea Rendine,
  Andreas,
  Andreas Deuschlinger, 
  Andreas Farre,
  Andreas Kling,
  Andrei Popescu,
  Andres Gomez,
  Andres Rios,
  Andreu Botella,
  Andrew Barfield,
  Andrew Clover,
  Andrew Gove,
  Andrew Grieve,
  Andrew Kaster,
  Andrew Macpherson, 
  Andrew Oakley,
  Andrew Paseltiner,
  Andrew Simons,
  Andrew Smith,
  Andrew W. Hagen,
  Andrew Williams,
  Andrey V. Lukyanov,
  Andry Rendy,
  Andy Davies,
  Andy Earnshaw,
  Andy Heydon,
  Andy Paicu,
  Andy Palay,
  Anjana Vakil,
  Ankur Kaushal,
  Anna Belle Leiserson,
  Anna Sidwell,
  Anthony Boyd,
  Anthony Bryan,
  Anthony Hickson,
  Anthony Ramine,
  Anthony Ricaud,
  Anton Vayvod,
  Antonio Sartori,
  Antti Koivisto,
  Arfat Salman,
  Arkadiusz Michalski,
  Arne Thomassen,
  Aron Spohr,
  Arphen Lin,
  Arthur Hemery,
  Arthur Sonzogni, 
  Arthur Stolyar,
  Arun Patole,
  Aryeh Gregor,
  Asanka Herath,
  Asbjørn Ulsberg,
  Ashley Gullen,
  Ashley Sheridan,
  Asumu Takikawa,
  Atsushi Takayama,
  Attila Haraszti,
  Aurelien Levy,
  Ave Wrigley,
  Avi Drissman,
  Axel Dahmen,
  방성범 (Bang Seongbeom), 
  Barry Pollard, 
  Ben Boyle,
  Ben Godfrey,
  Ben Golightly, 
  Ben Kelly,
  Ben Lerner,
  Ben Leslie,
  Ben Meadowcroft,
  Ben Millard,
  Benjamin Carl Wiley Sittler,
  Benjamin Hawkes-Lewis,
  Benjamin VanderSloot,
  Benji Bilheimer, 
  Benoit Ren,
  Bert Bos,
  Bijan Parsia,
  Bil Corry,
  Bill Mason,
  Bill McCoy,
  Billy Wong,
  Billy Woods,
  Bjartur Thorlacius,
  Björn Höhrmann,
  Blake Frantz,
  Bob Lund,
  Bob Owen,
  Bobby Holley,
  Boris Zbarsky,
  Brad Fults,
  Brad Neuberg,
  Brad Spencer,
  Bradley Meck,
  Brady Eidson,
  Brandon Jones,
  Brendan Eich,
  Brenton Simpson,
  Brett Wilson,
  Brett Zamir,
  Brian Birtles,
  Brian Blakely,
  Brian Campbell,
  Brian Korver,
  Brian Kuhn,
  Brian M. Dube,
  Brian Ryner,
  Brian Smith,
  Brian Wilson,
  Bryan Sullivan,
  Bruce Bailey,
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  Bruce Lawson,
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  Bugs Nash,
  C. Scott Ananian,
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  Cao Yipeng,
  Carlos Amengual,
  Carlos Gabriel Cardona,
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  Carlos Perelló Marín,
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  Casey Leask,
  Cătălin Badea,
  Cătălin Mariș,
  Cem Turesoy, 
  ceving, 
  Chao Cai,
  윤석찬 (Channy Yun),
  Charl van Niekerk,
  Charlene Wright,
  Charles Iliya Krempeaux,
  Charles McCathie Nevile,
  Charlie Reis,
  白丞祐 (Cheng-You Bai), 
  Chris Apers,
  Chris Cressman,
  Chris Dumez,
  Chris Evans,
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  Chris Markiewicz,
  Chris Morris,
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  Chris Needham,
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  Chris Peterson,
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  Christian Biesinger,
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  Cole Robison,
  Colin Fine,
  Collin Jackson,
  Conrad Crawford, 
  Corey Farwell,
  Corprew Reed,
  Craig Cockburn,
  Csaba Gabor,
  Csaba Marton,
  Cynthia Shelly,
  Cyrille Tuzi,
  Daksh Shah,
  Dan Callahan,
  Dan Yoder,
  Dane Foster, 
  Daniel Barclay,
  Daniel Bratell,
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  Daniel Davis,
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  Daniel Glazman,
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  Dean Jackson,
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  Debi Orton,
  Delan Azabani, 
  Derek Featherstone,
  Derek Guenther,
  Devarshi Pant,
  Devdatta,
  Devin Mullins,
  Devin Rousso,
  Di Zhang,
  Diego Ferreiro Val,
  Diego González Zúñiga, 
  Diego Ponce de León,
  Dimitri Glazkov,
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  Dirk Pranke,
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  Dirkjan Ochtman,
  Divya Manian,
  Dmitry Lazutkin,
  Dmitry Titov,
  dolphinling,
  Dominic Cooney,
  Dominique Hazaël-Massieux,
  Don Brutzman,
  Donovan Glover,
  Doron Rosenberg,
  Doug Kramer,
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  Drew Wilson,
  Edgar Chen,
  Edmund Lai,
  Eduard Pascual,
  Eduardo Vela,
  Edward Welbourne,
  Edward Z. Yang,
  Ehsan Akhgari,
  Ehsan Karamad,
  Eira Monstad,
  Eitan Adler,
  Eli Friedman,
  Eli Grey,
  Eliot Graff,
  Elisabeth Robson,
  Elizabeth Castro,
  Elliott Sprehn,
  Elliotte Harold,
  Emilio Cobos Álvarez,
  Emily Stark,
  Eric Carlson,
  Eric Casler,
  Eric Lawrence,
  Eric Portis,
  Eric Rescorla,
  Eric Semling,
  Eric Shepherd, 
  Eric Willigers,
  Erik Arvidsson,
  Erik Charlebois,
  Erik Rose,
  栗本 英理子 (Eriko Kurimoto),
  espretto, 
  Evan Jacobs,
  Evan Martin,
  Evan Prodromou,
  Evan Stade,
  Evert,
  Evgeny Kapun,
  ExE-Boss, 
  Ezequiel Garzón,
  fantasai,
  Félix Sanz,
  Felix Sasaki,
  Fernando Altomare Serboncini,
  Forbes Lindesay,
  Francesco Schwarz,
  Francis Brosnan Blazquez,
  Franck 'Shift' Quélain,
  François Marier,
  Frank Barchard,
  Frank Liberato,
  Franklin Shirley,
  Frederik Braun,
  Fredrik Söderquist,
  鵜飼文敏 (Fumitoshi Ukai),
  Futomi Hatano,
  Gavin Carothers,
  Gavin Kistner,
  Gareth Rees,
  Garrett Smith,
  Gary Blackwood,
  Gary Kacmarcik,
  Gary Katsevman,
  Geoff Richards,
  Geoffrey Garen,
  Georg Neis,
  George Lund,
  Gianmarco Armellin,
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  Giuseppe Pascale,
  Glenn Adams,
  Glenn Maynard,
  Graham Klyne,
  Greg Botten,
  Greg Houston,
  Greg Wilkins,
  Gregg Tavares,
  Gregory J. Rosmaita,
  Gregory Terzian,
  Grey,
  guest271314,
  Guilherme Johansson Tramontina,
  Guy Bedford,
  Gytis Jakutonis,
  Håkon Wium Lie,
  Habib Virji,
  Hajime Morrita,
  Hallvord Reiar Michaelsen Steen,
  Hanna Laakso,
  Hans S. Tømmerhalt,
  Hans Stimer,
  Harald Alvestrand,
  Hayato Ito,
  何志翔 (HE Zhixiang),
  Henri Sivonen,
  Henrik Lied,
  Henrik Lievonen,
  Henry Lewis,
  Henry Mason,
  Henry Story,
  Hermann Donfack Zeufack,
  中川博貴 (Hiroki Nakagawa), 
  Hiroshige Hayashizaki,
  Hiroyuki USHITO,
  Hitoshi Yoshida,
  Hongchan Choi, 
  王华 (Hua Wang), 
  Hugh Bellamy,
  Hugh Guiney,
  Hugh Winkler,
  Ian Bicking,
  Ian Clelland,
  Ian Davis,
  Ian Fette,
  Ian Henderson,
  Ian Kilpatrick,
  Ibrahim Ahmed,
  Ido Green,
  Ignacio Javier,
  Igor Oliveira,
  安次嶺 一功 (Ikko Ashimine), 
  Ilya Grigorik,
  Ingvar Stepanyan,
  isonmad,
  Iurii Kucherov,
  Ivan Enderlin,
  Ivan Nikulin, 
  Ivan Panchenko,
  Ivo Emanuel Gonçalves,
  J. King,
  J.C. Jones,
  Jackson Ray Hamilton,
  Jacob Davies,
  Jacques Distler,
  Jake Archibald,
  Jake Verbaten,
  Jakub Vrána,
  Jakub Łopuszański,
  Jakub Wilk,
  James Craig,
  James Graham,
  James Greene,
  James Justin Harrell,
  James Kozianski,
  James M Snell,
  James Perrett,
  James Robinson,
  Jamie Liu,
  Jamie Lokier,
  Jamie Mansfield,
  Jan Kühle, 
  Jan Miksovsky,
  Janice Shiu,
  Janusz Majnert,
  Jan-Ivar Bruaroey,
  Jan-Klaas Kollhof,
  Jared Jacobs,
  Jason Duell,
  Jason Kersey,
  Jason Lustig,
  Jason Orendorff,
  Jason White,
  Jasper Bryant-Greene,
  Jasper St. Pierre,
  Jatinder Mann,
  Jay Henry Kao,
  Jean-Yves Avenard,
  Jed Hartman,
  Jeff Balogh,
  Jeff Cutsinger,
  Jeff Gilbert,
  Jeff "=JeffH" Hodges,
  Jeff Schiller,
  Jeff Walden,
  Jeffrey Yasskin,
  Jeffrey Zeldman,
  胡慧鋒 (Jennifer Braithwaite),
  Jellybean Stonerfish,
  Jennifer Apacible,
  Jens Bannmann,
  Jens Fendler,
  Jens Oliver Meiert,
  Jens Widell,
  Jer Noble,
  Jeremey Hustman,
  Jeremy Keith,
  Jeremy Orlow,
  Jeremy Roman,
  Jeroen van der Meer,
  Jerry Smith,
  Jesse Renée Beach,
  Jessica Jong,
  jfkthame, 
  Jian Li,
  Jihye Hong,
  Jim Jewett,
  Jim Ley,
  Jim Meehan,
  Jim Michaels,
  Jinho Bang,
  Jinjiang (勾三股四), 
  Jirka Kosek,
  Jjgod Jiang,
  Joaquim Medeiros,
  João Eiras,
  Jochen Eisinger,
  Joe Clark,
  Joe Gregorio,
  Joel Spolsky,
  Joel Verhagen,
  Joey Arhar,
  Johan Herland,
  Johanna Herman,
  John Boyer,
  John Bussjaeger,
  John Carpenter,
  John Daggett,
  John Fallows,
  John Foliot,
  John Harding,
  John Keiser,
  John Law,
  John Musgrave,
  John Snyders,
  John Stockton,
  John-Mark Bell,
  Johnny Stenback,
  Jon Coppeard,
  Jon Ferraiolo,
  Jon Gibbins,
  Jon Jensen,
  Jon Perlow,
  Jonas Sicking,
  Jonathan Cook,
  Jonathan Kew,
  Jonathan Neal,
  Jonathan Oddy,
  Jonathan Rees,
  Jonathan Watt,
  Jonathan Worent,
  Jonny Axelsson,
  Joram Schrijver,
  Jordan Tucker,
  Jorgen Horstink,
  Joris van der Wel,
  Jorunn Danielsen Newth,
  Joseph Kesselman,
  Joseph Mansfield,
  Joseph Pecoraro,
  Josh Aas,
  Josh Hart,
  Josh Juran,
  Josh Levenberg,
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  Joshua Chen, 
  Joshua Randall,
  Juan Olvera, 
  Juanmi Huertas,
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  小勝　純 (Jun Kokatsu),
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  Kai Hendry,
  Kamishetty Sreeja,
  呂康豪 (KangHao Lu),
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  Karl Tomlinson,
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  河童エクマ（Kawarabe Ecma）
  Keith Cirkel, 
  Keith Rollin,
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  Kelly Ford,
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  Mark Rowe,
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  Remco,
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  Rene Saarsoo,
  Rene Stach,
  Ric Hardacre,
  Rich Clark,
  Rich Doughty,
  Richa Rupela,
  Richard Gibson,
  Richard Ishida,
  Richard Torres,
  Ricky Mondello,
  Rigo Wenning,
  Rikkert Koppes,
  Rimantas Liubertas,
  Riona Macnamara,
  Rob Buis,
  Rob Ennals,
  Rob Jellinghaus,
  Rob S,
  Rob Smith,
  Robert Blaut,
  Robert Collins,
  Robert Hogan,
  Robert Kieffer,
  Robert Linder,
  Robert Millan,
  Robert O'Callahan,
  Robert Sayre,
  Robin Berjon,
  Robin Schaufler,
  Rodger Combs,
  Roland Steiner,
  Roma Matusevich,
  Romain Deltour,
  Roman Ivanov,
  Roy Fielding,
  Rune Lillesveen,
  Russell Bicknell,
  Ruud Steltenpool,
  Ryan King,
  Ryan Landay,
  Ryan Sleevi,
  Ryo Kajiwara, 
  Ryo Kato,
  Ryosuke Niwa,
  S. Mike Dierken,
  Salvatore Loreto,
  Sam Atkins, 
  Sam Dutton,
  Sam Kuper,
  Sam Ruby,
  Sam Sneddon, 
  Sam Weinig,
  Samikshya Chand,
  Samuel Bronson,
  Samy Kamkar,
  Sander van Lambalgen,
  Sanjoy Pal,
  Sanket Joshi,
  Sarah Gebauer,
  Sarven Capadisli,
  Satrujit Behera,
  Sayan Sivakumaran,
  Schalk Neethling,
  Scott Beardsley,
  Scott González,
  Scott Hess,
  Scott Miles,
  Scott O'Hara,
  Sean B. Palmer, 
  Sean Feng,
  Sean Fraser,
  Sean Hayes,
  Sean Hogan,
  Sean Knapp,
  Sebastian Markbåge,
  Sebastian Schnitzenbaumer,
  Sendil Kumar N,
  Seth Call,
  Seth Dillingham,
  Shannon Moeller,
  Shanti Rao,
  Shaun Inman,
  Shiino Yuki, 
  贺师俊 (HE Shi-Jun), 
  Shiki Okasaka,
  Shivani Sharma,
  shreyateeza, 
  Shubheksha Jalan,
  Sidak Singh Aulakh,
  Sierk Bornemann,
  Sigbjørn Finne,
  Sigbjørn Vik,
  Silver Ghost, 
  Silvia Pfeiffer,
  Šime Vidas,
  Simon Fraser,
  Simon Montagu,
  Simon Sapin,
  Yu Han, 
  Simon Spiegel,
  Simon Wülker, 
  Siye Liu,
  skeww, 
  Smylers,
  Srirama Chandra Sekhar Mogali,
  Stanton McCandlish,
  stasoid, 
  Stefan Håkansson,
  Stefan Haustein,
  Stefan Santesson,
  Stefan Schumacher,
  Ştefan Vargyas,
  Stefan Weiss,
  Steffen Meschkat,
  Stephen Chenney,
  Stephen Ma,
  Stephen Stewart,
  Stephen White,
  Steve Comstock,
  Steve Faulkner,
  Steve Fink,
  Steve Orvell,
  Steve Runyon,
  Steven Bennett,
  Steven Bingler,
  Steven Garrity,
  Steven Tate,
  Stewart Brodie,
  Stuart Ballard,
  Stuart Langridge,
  Stuart Parmenter,
  Subramanian Peruvemba,
  Sudhanshu Jaiswal,
  sudokus999, 
  Sunava Dutta,
  Surma,
  Susan Borgrink,
  Susan  Lesch,
  Sylvain Pasche,
  T.J. Crowder, 
  Tab Atkins-Bittner,
  Taiju Tsuiki,
  Takashi Toyoshima,
  Takayoshi Kochi,
  Takeshi Yoshino,
  <span lang=tr>Tantek Çelik</span>,
  田村健人 (Kent TAMURA),
  Tawanda Moyo, 
  Taylor Hunt,
  Ted Mielczarek,
  Terence Eden, 
  Terrence Wood,
  Tetsuharu OHZEKI,
  Theresa O'Connor,
  Thijs van der Vossen,
  Thomas Broyer,
  Thomas Koetter,
  Thomas O'Connor,
  Tim Altman,
  Tim Dresser,
  Tim Flynn, 
  Tim Johansson,
  Tim Nguyen, 
  Tim Perry,
  Tim van der Lippe,
  TJ VanToll,
  Tobias Schneider,
  Tobie Langel,
  Toby Inkster,
  Todd Moody,
  Tom Baker,
  Tom Pike,
  Tom Schuster,
  Tom ten Thij,
  Tomasz Jakut, 
  Tomek Wytrębowicz,
  Tommy Thorsen,
  Tony Ross,
  Tooru Fujisawa,
  Toru Kobayashi,
  Traian Captan,
  Travis Leithead,
  Trevor Rowbotham,
  Trevor Saunders,
  Trey Eckels,
  triple-underscore, 
  Tristan Fraipont, 
  Tristan Parisot,  
  保呂 毅 (Tsuyoshi Horo),
  Tyler Close,
  Valentin Gosu,
  Vardhan Gupta,
  Vas Sudanagunta,
  Veli Şenol,
  Victor Carbune,
  Victor Costan,
  Vipul Snehadeep Chawathe,
  Vitya Muhachev,
  Vlad Levin,
  Vladimir Katardjiev,
  Vladimir Vukićević,
  Vyacheslav Aristov,
  voracity,
  Walter Steiner,
  Wakaba,
  Wayne Carr,
  Wayne Pollock,
  Wellington Fernando de Macedo,
  Wenson Hsieh,
  Weston Ruter,
  Wilhelm Joys Andersen,
  Will Levine,
  Will Ray,
  William Chen,
  William Swanson,
  Willy Martin Aguirre Rodriguez,
  Wladimir Palant,
  Wojciech Mach,
  Wolfram Kriesing,
  Xan Gregg,
  xenotheme,
  XhmikosR,
  Xida Chen,
  Xidorn Quan,
  Xue Fuqiao,
  Yang Chen,
  Yao Xiao,
  Yash Handa,
  Yay295,
  Ye-Kui Wang,
  Yehuda Katz,
  Yi Xu,
  Yi-An Huang,
  Yngve Nysaeter Pettersen,
  Yoav Weiss,
  Yonathan Randolph,
  Yu Huojiang,
  Yuki Okushi, 
  Yury Delendik,
  平野裕 (Yutaka Hirano),
  Yuzo Fujishima,
  西條柚 (Yuzu Saijo),
  Zhenbin Xu,
  张智强 (Zhiqiang Zhang),
  Zoltan Herczeg,
  Zyachel,
  and
  Øistein E. Andersen,

  for their useful comments, both large and small, that have led to changes to this specification
  over the years.</p>

  <p>Thanks also to everyone who has ever posted about HTML to their blogs, public mailing lists, or
  forums, including all the contributors to the <a href=https://www.w3.org/html/wg/lists/>various
  W3C HTML WG lists</a> and the <a href=https://whatwg.org/mailing-list>various WHATWG
  lists</a>.

  <p>Special thanks to Richard Williamson for creating the first implementation of
  <code id=acknowledgments:the-canvas-element><a href=canvas.html#the-canvas-element>canvas</a></code> in Safari, from which the canvas feature was designed.</p>

  <p>Special thanks also to the Microsoft employees who first implemented the event-based
  drag-and-drop mechanism, <code id=acknowledgments:attr-contenteditable><a href=interaction.html#attr-contenteditable>contenteditable</a></code>, and other
  features first widely deployed by the Windows Internet Explorer browser.</p>

  

  <p>Thanks to the participants of the microdata usability study for allowing us to use their
  mistakes as a guide for designing the microdata feature.</p>

  <p>Thanks to the many sources that provided inspiration for the examples used in the
  specification.</p>

  <p>Thanks also to the Microsoft blogging community for some ideas, to the attendees of the W3C
  Workshop on Web Applications and Compound Documents for inspiration, to the #mrt crew, the #mrt.no
  crew, and the #whatwg crew, and to Pillar and Hedral for their ideas and support.</p>

  <p>Thanks to Igor Zhbanov for generating PDF versions of the specification.</p>

  <p>Special thanks to the <a href=https://www.w3.org/community/respimg/>RICG</a> for developing
  the <code id=acknowledgments:the-picture-element><a href=embedded-content.html#the-picture-element>picture</a></code> element and related features; in particular thanks to Adrian Bateman,
  Bruce Lawson, David Newton, Ilya Grigorik, John Schoenick, Leon de Rijke, Mat Marquis, Marcos
  Cáceres, Tab Atkins, Theresa O'Connor, and Yoav Weiss for their contributions.</p>

  <p>Special thanks to the <a href=https://www.w3.org/WebPlatform/WG/>WPWG</a> for incubating the
  <a href=custom-elements.html#custom-elements>custom elements</a> feature. In particular, thanks to David Hyatt and
  Ian Hickson for their influence through the XBL specifications, Dimitri Glazkov for the first
  draft of the custom elements specification, and to
  Alex Komoroske,
  Alex Russell,
  Andres Rios,
  Boris Zbarsky,
  Brian Kardell,
  Daniel Buchner,
  Dominic Cooney,
  Erik Arvidsson,
  Elliott Sprehn,
  Hajime Morrita,
  Hayato Ito,
  Jan Miksovsky,
  Jonas Sicking,
  Olli Pettay,
  Rafael Weinstein,
  Roland Steiner,
  Ryosuke Niwa,
  Scott Miles,
  Steve Faulkner,
  Steve Orvell,
  Tab Atkins,
  Theresa O'Connor,
  Tim Perry, and
  William Chen
  for their contributions.</p>

  <p>Special thanks to the <a href=https://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/members>CSSWG</a> for developing
  the <a href=worklets.html#worklets>worklets</a>. In particular, thanks to Ian Kilpatrick for his work as
  editor of the original worklets specification.</p>

  <p>Special thanks to the <a href=https://wicg.io/>WICG</a> for incubating the <a href=speculative-loading.html#speculative-loading>speculative loading</a> feature. In particular, thanks to Jeremy Roman
  for his work as editor of the original speculation rules and prefetch specifications.</p>

  <p>For about ten years starting in 2003, this standard was almost entirely written by Ian Hickson
  (<a href=https://www.google.com/>Google</a>, <a href=mailto:ian@hixie.ch>ian@hixie.ch</a>).</p>

  <p>Starting in 2015, the editor group expanded. It is currently maintained by
  <a href=https://annevankesteren.nl/>Anne van Kesteren</a> (<a href=https://www.apple.com/>Apple</a>, <a href=mailto:annevk@annevk.nl>annevk@annevk.nl</a>),
  <a href=https://domenic.me/>Domenic Denicola</a> (<a href=https://www.google.com/>Google</a>, <a href=mailto:d@domenic.me>d@domenic.me</a>)
  <a href=https://domfarolino.com/>Dominic Farolino</a> (<a href=https://www.google.com/>Google</a>, <a href=mailto:domfarolino@gmail.com>domfarolino@gmail.com</a>),
  <a href=https://foolip.org/>Philip Jägenstedt</a> (<a href=https://www.google.com/>Google</a>, <a href=mailto:philip@foolip.org>philip@foolip.org</a>), and
  Simon Pieters (<a href=https://www.mozilla.org/>Mozilla</a>, <a href=mailto:zcorpan@gmail.com>zcorpan@gmail.com</a>).</p>

  


  <h2 id=ipr class=no-num>Intellectual property rights<a href=#ipr class=self-link></a></h2>

  

  <div itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>
   <p>The image of the wolf in the embedded content introduction is based on <a itemprop=work href=../../commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File_WolfRunningInSnow.jpg>a photo</a>
   by <a itemprop=http://creativecommons.org/ns#attributionURL href=../../commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File_WolfRunningInSnow.jpg>Barry O'Neill</a>.
   (<a itemprop=license href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain>Public domain</a>)
  </div>

  <div itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>
   <p>The image of the kettlebell swing in the embedded content introduction is based on <a itemprop=work href=https://pixabay.com/en/functional-mobility-articular-606568/>a photo</a>
   by <a itemprop=http://creativecommons.org/ns#attributionURL href=https://pixabay.com/en/users/506563-506563/>kokkarina</a>.
   (<a itemprop=license href=https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>CC0 1.0</a>)
  </div>

  <div itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>
   <p>The Blue Robot Player sprite used in the canvas demo is based on
   <a itemprop=work href=https://johncolburn.deviantart.com/art/Blue-Robot-Player-Sprite-323813997>a work</a> by
   <a itemprop=https://creativecommons.org/ns#attributionURL href=https://johncolburn.deviantart.com/>JohnColburn</a>.
   (<a itemprop=license href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>CC BY-SA 3.0</a>)</p>
  </div>

  <div itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>
   <p>The photograph of robot 148 climbing the tower at the FIRST Robotics Competition 2013 Silicon Valley Regional is based on
   <a itemprop=work href=https://www.flickr.com/photos/lenore-m/8631391979/>a work</a> by
   <a itemprop=https://creativecommons.org/ns#attributionURL href=https://www.flickr.com/photos/lenore-m/>Lenore Edman</a>.
   (<a itemprop=license href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/>CC BY 2.0</a>)</p>
  </div>

  <div itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>
   <p>The diagram showing how <code id=ipr:attr-script-async><a href=scripting.html#attr-script-async>async</a></code> and <code id=ipr:attr-script-defer><a href=scripting.html#attr-script-defer>defer</a></code> impact <code id=ipr:the-script-element><a href=scripting.html#the-script-element>script</a></code> loading is based on a
   similar diagram from <a itemprop=work href=https://peter.sh/experiments/asynchronous-and-deferred-javascript-execution-explained/>a
   blog post</a> by <a itemprop=https://creativecommons.org/ns#attributionURL href=https://peter.sh/about/>Peter Beverloo</a>.
   (<a itemprop=license href=https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>CC0 1.0</a>)</p>
  </div>

  <div itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>
   <p>The image decoding demo used to demonstrate module-based workers draws on some example code
   from <a itemprop=work href=https://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/canvas/imagefilters/>a
   tutorial</a> by <a itemprop=https://creativecommons.org/ns#attributionURL href=https://www.fhtr.net/>Ilmari Heikkinen</a>.
   (<a itemprop=license href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/>CC BY 3.0</a>)</p>
  </div>

  <div itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>
   <p>The <code>&lt;flag-icon></code> example was inspired by <a itemprop=work href=https://github.com/stevenrskelton/flag-icon>a custom element</a> by <a itemprop=https://creativecommons.org/ns#attributionURL href=http://stevenskelton.ca/>Steven
   Skelton</a>. (<a itemprop=license href=https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>MIT</a>)</p>
  </div>

  <p itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>Part of the revision history of the
  <code id=ipr:the-picture-element><a href=embedded-content.html#the-picture-element>picture</a></code> element and related features can be found in the <a href=https://github.com/ResponsiveImagesCG/picture-element><code>ResponsiveImagesCG/picture-element</code>
  repository</a>, which is available under the <a itemprop=license href=https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document>W3C Software and
  Document License</a>.</p>

  <p itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>Part of the revision history of the <code id=ipr:meta-theme-color><a href=semantics.html#meta-theme-color>theme-color</a></code> metadata name can be found in the <a href=https://github.com/whatwg/meta-theme-color><code>whatwg/meta-theme-color</code>
  repository</a>, which is available under <a itemprop=license href=https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>CC0</a>.</p>

  <p itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>Part of the revision history of the <a href=custom-elements.html#custom-elements>custom elements</a> feature can be found in the <a href=https://github.com/w3c/webcomponents><code>w3c/webcomponents</code> repository</a>, which
  is available under the <a itemprop=license href=https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document>W3C Software and
  Document License</a>.</p>

  <p itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>Part of the revision history of the <code id=ipr:dom-innertext><a href=dom.html#dom-innertext>innerText</a></code> getter and setter can be found in the <a href=https://github.com/rocallahan/innerText-spec><code>rocallahan/innerText-spec</code>
  repository</a>, which is available under <a itemprop=license href=https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>CC0</a>.</p>

  <p itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>Part of the revision history of the <a href=worklets.html#worklets>worklets</a> feature can be found in the <a href=https://github.com/w3c/css-houdini-drafts><code>w3c/css-houdini-drafts</code>
  repository</a>, which is available under the <a itemprop=license href=https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document>W3C Software and
  Document License</a>.</p>

  <p itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>Part of the revision history of the <a href=webappapis.html#import-maps>import maps</a> feature can be found in the <a href=https://github.com/WICG/import-maps><code>WICG/import-maps</code>
  repository</a>, which is available under the <a itemprop=license href=https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document>W3C Software and
  Document License</a>.</p>

  <p itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>Part of the revision history of the <a href=nav-history-apis.html#navigation-api>navigation API</a> feature can be found in the <a href=https://github.com/WICG/navigation-api><code>WICG/navigation-api</code>
  repository</a>, which is available under the <a itemprop=license href=https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document>W3C Software and
  Document License</a>.</p>

  <p itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>Part of the revision history of the <a href=interaction.html#close-requests-and-close-watchers>Close requests and close watchers</a> section can be
  found in the <a href=https://github.com/WICG/close-watcher><code>WICG/close-watcher</code>
  repository</a>, which is available under the <a itemprop=license href=https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document>W3C Software and
  Document License</a>.</p>

  <p itemscope="" itemtype=http://n.whatwg.org/work>Part of the revision history of the <a href=speculative-loading.html#speculative-loading>Speculative loading</a> section can be
  found in the <a href=https://github.com/WICG/nav-speculation><code>WICG/nav-speculation</code>
  repository</a>, which is available under the <a itemprop=license href=https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document>W3C Software and
  Document License</a>.</p>

  <p>Copyright © WHATWG (Apple, Google, Mozilla, Microsoft). This work is licensed under a <a rel=license href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/>Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
  International License</a>. To the extent portions of it are incorporated into source code, such
  portions in the source code are licensed under the <a rel=license href=https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause>BSD 3-Clause License</a> instead.</p>

  
 

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